How to Express Future Time in English

Legend has it that the final words of French grammarian Dominique Bouhours were, Je vais ou je vas mourir; lun et lautre se dit, ou se disent. In English that would be, I am about to or I am going to die. Either expression is used. Six Ways to Express the Future in English As it happens, there are also multiple ways of expressing future time in English. Here are six of the most common methods. the simple present: We leave tonight for Atlanta.the present progressive: Were leaving the kids with Louise.the modal verb will (or shall) with the base form of a verb: Ill leave you some money.the modal verb will (or shall) with the progressive: Ill be leaving you a check.a form of be with the infinitive: Our flight is to leave at 10:00 p.m.a semi-auxiliary such as to be going to or to be about to with the base form of a verb: We are going to leave your father a note. Observations of the Future Tense But time is not quite the same as grammatical tense, and with that thought in mind, many contemporary linguists insist that properly speaking, the English language has no future tense. [M]orphologically English has no future form of the verb, in addition, to present and past forms. . . . In this grammar, then, we do not talk about the future as a formal category . . .. (Randolph Quirk et al., A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman, 1985)[W]e do not recognize a future tense for English. . . . [T]here is no grammatical category that can properly be analyzed as a future tense. More particularly, we argue that will (and likewise shall) is an auxiliary of mood, not tense. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002)There is no future tense ending for English verbs as there is in other languages . . .. (Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006)English has no future tense, because it has no future tense inflections, in the way that many other languages do, nor any other grammatical form or combination of forms that can exclusively be called a future tense. (Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011) Such denials of a future tense may sound paradoxical (if not downright pessimistic), but the central argument hinges on the way we mark and define tense. Ill let David Crystal explain: How many tenses of the verb are there in English? If your automatic reaction is to say three, at least, past, present, and future, you are showing the influence of the Latinate grammatical tradition. . . .[I]n traditional grammar, [t]ense was thought of as the grammatical expression of time, and identified by a particular set of endings on the verb. In Latin there were present tense endings . . ., future tense endings . . ., perfect tense endings . . ., and several others marking different tense forms.English, by contrast, has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is therefore a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs I walked: present tense vs past tense. . . .However people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of future tense (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the gramm atical realities of the English verb.(The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) So from this perspective (and keep in mind that not all linguists wholeheartedly agree), English doesnt have a future tense. But is this something that students and instructors need to be concerned about? Consider Martin Endleys advice for EFL teachers: [T]here is no harm done if you continue to refer to the English future tense in your classroom. Students have quite enough to think about without being troubled by such matters and there is little sense in adding to their burden needlessly. Yet, underlying the dispute is an important issue that does have an obvious bearing on the classroom, namely, the difference between the way the present and past tenses are marked on the one hand, and the way the (so-called) future tense is marked on the other.(Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age, 2010) Fortunately, English does have a future with plenty of ways of expressing future time.

Why Did Acrisius Imprison His Daughter - 1041 Words

1. Why did Acrisius imprison his daughter? King Acrisius had always longed for a son, although he had a daughter. So, Acrisius â€Å"journeyed to Delphi to ask Apollo if there was any hope that some day he would be the father of a boy†. To his disappointment, the Oracle foretold that Acrisius would never have a son, and to make matters worse, that his own grandson would kill him. To escape his sordid fate, Acrisius, feeling no remorse or affection towards his daughter, placed Danae in a â€Å"house built all of bronze and sunk underground, but with part of the roof open to the sky so that light and air could come through†. He had thought to kill her, but fearing the wrath the Gods would surely bring if he killed his own kindred, opted for guarding†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, no man could defeat Medusa without aid, thus, Polydectes thought he had put the boy in a seemingly impossible situation that would result in his death. 5. How did Hermes and Athena help Perseus? Hermes informed Perseus that he needed to be armed properly before facing Medusa and that the tools he required were in the possession of the Nymphs of the North. But to first find them, he must travel to the Grey Women. Hermes guided Perseus to their land and explained that the three women shared an eye and that when one was to pass the eye to the other, Perseus needed to step in and grab it first; using it as leverage. Hermes then gave Perseus a sword that was indestructible to the Gorgons’ scales. Athena presented to him a polished bronze shield to use as a mirror, since looking into a Gorgons’ eyes would turn him instantly to stone. At the land of the Hyperboreans, the Nymphs provided his winged sandals, a cap that would turn him invisible when worn and a wallet that would adjust its size to fit anything. Hermes then flew Perseus back over the Ocean to the Terrible Sisters’ Island. Once there, the gods identified Medusa for him, whilst the three Gorgons were asleep. 6. How did Perseus finally succeed in killing Medusa? When at the Gorgons’ lair, the three were asleep. Hovering over the monsters and looking through the shield, PerseusShow MoreRelated`` Strange Love By Eunice San Miguel, Zeus Danae, And The Class Choice Of Jupiter And1992 Words   |  8 Pageswonder whether it is truly fate or just a game of the subconscious mind, where the focus of one’s subconscious mind is within a losing battle. The language, image, and choices in any presentation are conditioned by prevailing cultural norms, along with his/her personal relations in history. As myths are meant to be told and retold, within each retelling a myth is given a new birth, a new beginning, a new point of view. Strange Love by Eunice San Miguel, Zeus Danae by David Bergen, and the class choice

Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Answer: Introduction: The civilian aviation is defined as the category of aviation, which represents all non-military aviation and consists both the private and commercial aviation. On the other hand, as the name suggests, military aviation is defined as the use of military aircraft and other flying machines for the purpose of conducting aerial warfare, which include national airlift (Murphy, 2005). The military aviation has been existing for long and therefore some of the major technological advancement of the civilian aviation has been enhanced by developments in military aviation (Leishman, 2006). This paper will therefore look at these technological developments in which have been used in military aviation and have been of great help to develop the civilian aviation to its current state. First, in the initial stages, the military aviation was used for monitoring of the troops and was never designed to carry anything. The needs to carry the cargo for the military troops therefore raised the need for design of aircrafts, which had the capacity to carry cargo and even the passengers. This is the main root of the civilian aviation (Bull, 2004). The development and design of the aircrafts, which could deliver cargo and passengers at a faster rate was then initiated (Murphy, 2005). For instance, Great Britain was the first to develop an aircraft that was meant to revolt through the empire during the interwar period making deliveries of troop cargo and the troops. This developments and need in the military aviation therefore gave rise to the development of aircrafts, which had huge capacities in the civilian aviation. In addition, carrier aviation was first evident in the World War 1 whereby massive resources needed to be transported (Murphy, 2005). During the World War II, the carrier aviation was highly used to transport different resources. The continuous increase of the civilian aircraft size in civil aviation therefore can be traced back to the development of the military aircrafts, which could carry the troops, military cargo and other military transports. The carrier aviation, which is mostly on the civil aviation nowadays, therefore has its root on the different military activities during the world wars. The development of the size of the aircrafts also went beyond to the cold war leading to the emergence of passenger planes (Leishman, 2006). The development of helicopters, which appeared during the World War II, enhanced the development of aircrafts to carry people. The expansion of the size with different demands in civil aviation can therefore be traced back on the military aviation size and passenger plane creation. It can therefore be concluded that the idea of passenger plane was a creation of military aviation and it has led to great development of huge passenger planes such as Boeing. Technological speed in aviation is another factor, which has been evolving a lot. The military aviation was in need of quick deliveries during the World War I to enhance their ground attacks and other activities (Bull, 2004 and Leishman, 2006). With this need, the Germans developed Blitzrieg, which was used during the invasion of Poland and Battle of France. This enhanced them to make quick deliveries to their troops, which was meant to enhance their aircraft attacking, since the aircraft had an increment in speed than the previous versions. This idea has led to development of speedy aircrafts in the civil aviation. The increase of speed has been a great technological advancement in most civil aviation aircrafts whereby they intent to reduce the time of movement. In addition, electronic advancements in aircrafts can be traced on the military aviation. The first use of an electronic computer in aviation was evident during world war II and the other developments such as the cryptography in communication, the data processing, reconnaissance and remote piloted aircraft (Bull, 2004). All these developments were started by different needs in the military aviation for the communication purposes and therefore enhancing their modern warfare aspects. The civil aviation aircrafts have well developed systems which is monitored to ensure that the aircrafts can be traced at any time therefore can be related to these developments in military aviation in the past (Murphy, 2005). In addition, for the security purposes in the military activities, the development of an aircraft, which could oppose the missiles, was developed during the 1960s. The terror activities around the world has led to introduction of this technology on the civilian aviation. Stealth tech nology has been able to find its root into the civilian aviation and it can be traced to military aviation in the 1980s. In conclusion, the security concerns, communication, capacity and sizes are some of the technological developments in civil aviation which have their roots from the military aviation. References Murphy, J. D. (April 27, 2005). Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p.8. ISBN1851094881. Bull, S. (June 30, 2004). Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Greenwood. p.7. ISBN1573565571. Leishman, J. G. (2006). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. Cambridge aerospace. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-85860-1.

The Vermont Teddy Bear Company Essay Example

The Vermont Teddy Bear Company Paper The Vermont Teddy Bear Company was established 1981 by John Sortino. Mr. Sortinos dream was to create a high quality stuffed teddy bear, which was produced in the United States. Mr. Sortino learned to sew and took art classes. With these new skills, he began to manufacture a line of bears. By the end of the first year, over 200 bears were sold and different features were being added to the bear line such as having movable joints and being machine washable. The Vermont Teddy Bear Company became incorporated in the State of New York in 1984. The company began to market the bears in department stores and opened its own store in 1985. Before Valentines Day of 1985, the company began a new marketing technique, which allowed customer to send a bear gram by calling a 1-800 number. This pushed The Vermont Teddy Bear Company into a mullion dollar company. In 1991, a new manufacturing factory had to be established in order to handle the demand. The company was now on a roll winning multiple business awards such as Best of America small business award and Heritage of New England Customer Service award. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vermont Teddy Bear Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Vermont Teddy Bear Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Vermont Teddy Bear Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1994, the Vermont Teddy Bear Company had grown so much in such as small period of time. At this time John Sortino recognized the need in order to reorganize the company from an entrepreneurial company to professionally managed organization. At this time, he resigned as Chief Executive Officer of the company. He was trying to prepare the company so that a new CEO with experience in this system would be able to flourish. In 1995, Patrick Burns became the New CEO of the company. Mr. Burns and a new chief Finance Officer, Elisabeth Robert began new strategies for the company. They began to open more stores and produced an expanded catalog, at the same time they cut back on advertising for the bear grams. This diminishment in profits caused Mr. Burns stepped down and Elisabeth Burns became the new CEO of the company. External Factors In order to determine the external Factors that face the Vermont Teddy Bear Company the use of the Five Forces model of Porter is needed. This model is an outside-in business tactic tool that is used to make a study of the value of an industry structure. The Competitive Forces study is made by the identification of 5 basic competitive forces: * The entry of competitors- The Teddy bear manufacturing business will can be entered easily as many consumers are not particular to name brands. However quality is a factor as many of these toys are for children and therefore have to be able to withstand the constraints of child play and the ability to withstand the test of time in order to become heirlooms. * The threat of substitutes- for many Teddy bear collections, a trademark is used in order to distinguish one brand from another. The Steiff Company uses a button on the ear of its products. Some trademarks are services used in order to market their bears. An example of this type of trademark would be a Bear gram which is only available from the Vermont Teddy Bear Company. Other trademarks can be as simple as the features of the bears themselves. * The bargaining power of buyers- Depending on the markets in which the company chooses to use will develop the bargaining power of the markets. For collectible bear the volume of product may be limited in order to fuel demand for the products and raise prices. * The bargaining power of suppliers- Depending on the market, the sellers can differ. Many companies chose to produce high volume low quality bears and sellers consist of discount shops and markets. Other companies with higher quality and higher priced bears will focus more on prestique department stores or antique stores as sellers. * The rivalry among the existing players There is much competition and Rivalry within the competition As the Teddy Bear industry is very popular industry that can be approached in different ways. Some companies chose to manufacture bears for Children toys, others are produced for gifts, etc and other selections are created to be collectibles. . The External factors, which contributed to the downfall of the Teddy Bear Company, consisted of other companies who produced bears or other similar plush items. The largest competitor was Steiff Company. Steiff specialized in bears that are manufactured in Germany and the Far East. These bears are high quality and but are not individually customized. The Stieff bears have a trademark is a button sewn in to the ear of each bear. These bears range from $50 for a 6 inch tall to several thousands dollars for the life size bears. Their markets include discount stores and supermarkets to high-end specialty shops and antique stores. The next company that competed was Gund Company. The Gund Company uses the Internet in order to market its product. Gund products include a wide range of plush animals that are not restricted to bears only. Teddy Bear Factory is the only other American manufacturer of teddy bears. This company is a major competitor in the San Francisco area; however, their market is strictly regional. The North American Bear Company manufactures all of its bears in the Orient, where labor costs are cheaper. This company is focuses more on global markets such as Europe, Japan and the United States. Their line of bears differs from The Vermont Bears by having shorter limbs and noses. Applause Enterprises, Inc, is a smaller competitor, who mostly focuses on small plush versions of Sesame Street, Star wars, Muppets, and Disney characters. Internal Factors In order to determine the internal factors that face the Vermont Teddy Bear Company, The PEST Analysis will be used. This model uses the four factors that face the internal factors such as: Political, Economic, Social and Technological. These factors apply to the companys customers, Employees, Investors, Vendors and Community. Vermont Teddy Bear Company Political * Ecological/environmental issues * Current legislation home market * Future legislation * European/international legislation * Regulatory bodies and processes * Government policies * Government term and change * Trading policies * Funding, grants and initiatives * Home market lobbying/pressure groups * International pressure groups Economic * Home economy situation * Home economy trends * Overseas economies and trends * General taxation issues * Taxation specific to product/services * Seasonality/weather issues * Market and trade cycles * Specific industry factors * Market routes and distribution trends * Customer/end-user drivers * Interest and exchange rates Social * Lifestyle trends * Demographics * Consumer attitudes and opinions * Media views * Law changes affecting social factors * Brand, company, technology image * Consumer buying patterns * Fashion and role models * Major events and influences * Buying access and trends * Ethnic/religious factors * Advertising and publicity Technological * Competing technology development * Research funding * Associated/dependent technologies * Replacement technology/solutions * Maturity of technology * Manufacturing maturity and capacity * Information and communications * Consumer buying mechanisms/technology * Technology legislation * Innovation potential * Technology access, licensing, patents * Intellectual property issues The customers are the groundwork of the company. The ability to meet customer expectations is the backbone of the business culture. With quest for superior customer service the company will be able to produce a high quality product that will meet the customers needs and demands. The companies employees are the internal customers. The idea that the employees should be treated with the same attention as the customers will produce a highly efficient work environment. This treatment will create a sense of pride, partnership, team spirit, and personal commitment in every employee. Our investors provide capital with the expectations that the will be repaid with interest. The companies financial strength will be enable the promise the investors to be accomplished. The vendors are a partnership that allows the company to understand the customers wants and the ability to provide the services to customers in a location and price that they want. The community requires that company work within ethical, legal and environmental guidelines. The company will support associations and individuals that have comparable morals in order to contribute to future generations. This requires a balance between working with the community and developing capability of the company.